LVDTs measure linear displacement by detecting changes in the magnetic flux of a ferromagnetic core moving within a coil. The output voltage correlates to the displacement.

Applications: Commonly used for monitoring bridge deflections, tunnel deformations, and building subsidence. Ideal for long-term structural health monitoring.

Strain gauges measure small deformations or strains in structural components by detecting changes in resistance when a material is stretched or compressed.

Applications: Used in monitoring strain in beams, columns, and structural joints in bridges, buildings, and dams.

These sensors measure displacement through light transmission changes in fiber optic cables. Based on the Bragg Grating principle, changes in strain alter the wavelength of reflected light.

Applications: Widely used for long-distance, real-time monitoring of bridges, tunnels, and dams.

These sensors use laser beams to measure the distance between the sensor and the target. The time for the laser to reflect back provides displacement data.

Applications: Ideal for monitoring structural movement, cracks, and surface deformation in civil infrastructure projects.