Tiltmeters measure changes in the angle or tilt of a structure. If part of a structure settles unevenly, tiltmeters can detect the slight angular displacement.

Applications: Used in monitoring the settlement of buildings, bridges, tunnels, and dams.

Inclinometers are used to measure horizontal displacements and lateral movements of soil or structural components, which can indicate settlement or shifting of the foundation.

Applications: Typically used in embankments, retaining walls, deep excavations, and other structures where lateral soil movement might contribute to settlement.

Extensometers measure the distance between two fixed points in a structure, tracking changes that may indicate settlement or subsidence. They can be mechanical, electrical, or optical.

Applications: Often used in monitoring the settlement of foundations, embankments, and retaining walls.

Laser sensors measure the distance between a fixed reference point and the structure, allowing for precise measurement of vertical displacement due to settlement.

Applications: Used in tall buildings, bridges, and tunnels to monitor any downward or uneven settlement.

These sensors measure the difference in elevation between various points on a structure by using liquid levels in connected reservoirs. Any difference in the liquid level indicates differential settlement between points.

Applications: Commonly used in large foundations, bridges, or long tunnels where differential settlement is a concern.

These sensors use the change in frequency of a vibrating wire to measure the amount of settlement. As the structure settles, tension in the wire changes, and the frequency is correlated with the amount of displacement.

Applications: Used in dam embankments, tunnels, and buildings for long-term monitoring.